Menopause: the complete guide

Menopause occurs when the ovaries stop producing estrogen and progesterone, the hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle. This is not a disease — it is a normal stage of life that every woman goes through.

The average age of menopause is 51, but it can happen anywhere between 40 and 58. Premature menopause (before 40) affects about 1% of women and may require specific medical attention.

Perimenopause — The transition phase, lasting 4-10 years before menopause. Estrogen levels fluctuate, causing irregular periods and symptoms like hot flashes, mood changes, and sleep problems.

Menopause — Officially confirmed after 12 months without a period. Symptoms may continue but estrogen levels stabilize at a lower baseline.

Postmenopause — The years after menopause. Symptoms gradually ease for most women, but the lower estrogen increases risks for osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease.

• Hot flashes and night sweats — experienced by up to 80% of women
• Sleep disruption — the 3am wake-up pattern
• Mood changes — anxiety, irritability, depression
• Brain fog — memory lapses, difficulty concentrating
• Vaginal dryness — affecting comfort and intimacy
• Weight gain — particularly around the abdomen
• Joint pain — stiffness and aching
• Decreased libido

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) — the most effective treatment for moderate to severe symptoms. Available as patches, gels, tablets, or sprays. Read our complete HRT guide →

Lifestyle changes — regular exercise, healthy diet, stress management, and good sleep hygiene can significantly reduce symptoms.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) — proven effective for managing hot flashes, sleep problems, and mood changes.

Non-hormonal medications — SSRIs and other medications can help when HRT is not suitable.

See your doctor if symptoms are affecting your quality of life, if you experience menopause before 45, if you have unexpected bleeding after menopause, or if you want to discuss treatment options.

Prepare for your appointment by tracking your symptoms — frequency, severity, and triggers. The more data you bring, the better decisions you can make together.